💃🏿🎖️👩🏻‍🍳One Plus Two Plus Two Plus One Plus One Times Ten:♟️ 70 Years of Who Killed Him, and Where, and With What🟢🦚👨🏽‍🏫

    Blogger's note: Cluedo® and Clue® are trademarks of Hasbro for its world famous board game.

    "That's what we're trying to find out! We're trying to find out who killed him, and where, and with what!" -- Wadsworth, in "Clue" by Jonathan Lynn

This blog post is dedicated to the following individuals:

Anthony E. Pratt, Inventor of Cluedo.

Elva Pratt, Anthony's Wife and Fellow Cluedo Designer.

Marcia Lewis, the Pratts' Daughter.

The Cast and Crew of the 1985 Film Clue.

Special Thanks to:

The Marmalade Game Studio Team, Makers of the Cluedo App.

Peter Dobbin, Artist Behind the App.

The People at Hasbro, for Making Toys and Games for Families to Play With.

Anthony E. Pratt, Inventor of Cluedo
(1903-1994)

1903 to 1939: Anthony E. Pratt's Early Life🎹

    Anthony Ernest Pratt was born on August 10, 1903 at 13 Brighton Road, Balsall Heath, Birmingham. The younger of two sons, Pratt studied at St. Philip's School in Edgbaston. His favourite subject was chemistry, but his poor eyesight forced him to leave school at 15. Pratt wanted to be a chemist and was made a chemical manufacturer's apprentice, although he lacked qualifications in the field. With a growing interest in music, he became a musician instead.

    Pratt was talented in music at an early age. As a young man, he worked as a pianist, touring as part of an orchestra on ocean-liners. He could've made a living as a musician, but he was the kind of man who didn't stick with a long-term job. He instead preferred his hobbies, especially reading. He owned a huge book collection and he liked psychology, crime, and philosophy. He was also fond of mystery novels and short stories with his favourite writers being Arthur Conan Doyle, Edgar Wallace, Raymond Chandler, and Agatha Christie. He also enjoyed parties and a parlour game called Murder.

    Before quitting his job as a pianist, Pratt performed in musical concerts in country hotels where part of the evening's entertainment would've been Murder, a very popular game at the time. It involved actors and hotel guests playing the characters in a murder mystery. The game was set in a big house with many rooms, with people gathered for an event, but someone was found murdered and all present fell under suspicion. The participants would then creep up on each other and victims shrieked and fell over. To prevent more deaths, the remaining players must solve the mystery.

1939-1943: A Time of Great Boredom🥱

    During World War II, Pratt worked in a munitions factory, but found the job boring. Because of the government-imposed blackout period, people in the United Kingdom were temporarily banned from visiting their friends, dining at restaurants, having parties, and even playing Murder.

  In a 1990 interview, Pratt said, "I was leaning on the fence of our King's Heath home and it dawned on me that this wretched old war was killing the country's social life." On the other side of the fence was his friend, Geoffrey Bull, inventor of the high-seas adventure board game, Buccaneer, which he sold to Waddingtons. At the same time, mystery books such as Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None and The Body in the Library became bestsellers.

    Hence, inspired by Murder, Bull's success, and his love for mysteries, Pratt formed the idea for his own game.

1943-1945: Anthony E. Pratt, in the Dining Room, with his Wife and Absolutely Nothing To Do✍🏻🏠✏️

    From 1943 to 1945, Anthony and his wife, Elva (born on January 16, 1913), designed a mystery board game in their home at No.9 Stanley Road, Kings Heath. The game was originally named Murder!, after Pratt's favourite party game. Elva drew the original board on the family dining room table while Anthony came up with the characters and rules.

Elva and Anthony Pratt.

    There were to be ten characters: Dr. Black, Mr. Brown, Mr. Gold, Reverend Green, Miss Grey, Professor Plum, Miss Scarlett, Nurse White, Mrs. Silver, and Colonel Yellow. The victim and the murderer would change every game play. In addition to the suspects, nine weapons were added: an axe, a cudgel, a bomb, a rope, a dagger, a revolver, a hypodermic syringe, a bottle of poison, and a poker. The board depicted a mansion with a lounge, a gun room, a dining room, a kitchen, a ballroom, a conservatory, a billiard room, a library, a study, a hall, and a cellar.

1947: A Deal's A Deal🫱🏼‍🫲🏻

    When the war was over, the Pratts demonstrated the game to their friends who loved it, and Elva convinced Anthony to pitch his idea to Waddingtons.

    In 1947, the Pratts and their friends visited the firm of Waddingtons in Leeds. They presented and played the game with some employees while the firm's managing director, Norman Watson, looked on. Fortunately for the Pratts, the company was encouraging, liked what they witnessed, and agreed to produce the game.

    Prior to producing the game, however, Waddingtons simplified it. The mansion was named Tudor Hall. The number of characters was reduced to seven, Dr. Black was made the murder victim in all game plays, and the Colonel was renamed Mustard due to yellow being the symbolic colour of cowardice. The bomb was replaced with a candlestick and the syringe with a lead piping and a spanner. The axe, the cudgel, the bottle of poison, and the poker were dropped, reducing the number of murder weapons to six. The finalised board closely followed Elva's design, albeit with the gun room removed.

    Across the Atlantic Ocean, Parker Brothers, the American game manufacturer that produced Monopoly, was excited about Pratt's invention. To produce the mystery game for Americans, Parker Brothers gave Waddingtons the rights to Monopoly in exchange for the ones to Pratt's.

    Due to a post-war shortage of materials, the game wasn't made until 1949.

1949: Cluedo was Made♟️💃🏿🎖️👩🏻‍🍳🟢🦚👨🏽‍🏫

    In 1949, Waddingtons released Pratt's game under the title Cluedo. Cluedo is a combination of the word clue and ludo (pronounced "lew-doh"), a Latin phrase meaning "I play." Waddingtons and Pratt settled on naming the game Cluedo because naming it Murder! would've been too scandalous. In the same year, Parker Brothers released the American version which is simply titled Clue.

    In both the British and American versions of the game, the premise is that the master of the house has been murdered and his body is found in the cellar.  There are six colour-named murder suspects, nine rooms as possible scenes of the crime, and six possible murder weapons.

    In every round, two to six players take turns suggesting who killed the victim, where, and with what.
    The game ends when one player correctly deduces all three details. With six suspects, nine rooms, six weapons, and 324 possible solutions, players get to be super sleuths.

    It should be noted that there had been name changes between the British and American versions due to localisation.

Cluedo (British Title)	Clue (American Title)
Boddy Black     In the UK, the character was called Dr. Black to keep up with the cast's colourful identities. In the US, the character was called Mr. Boddy - pun intended - because he's always the murder victim.     For the 2023 relaunch, Hasbro combined the character's British and American identities, renaming him Boden "Boddy" Black Jr..     In game lore, Boddy Black is the rich master of Tudor Mansion and a blackmailer who knows his six guests' darkest secrets, prompting one of them to kill him. "If you denounce me to the police, you will also be exposed and humiliated."♟️
Miss Scarlett      Beautiful in red, Miss Scarlett was originally Boddy Black's actress ex-girlfriend whose motive for killing him was revenge for the victim destroying her career.     Until 2016, the American version spelled out the suspect's family name with one "t."     In the 2023 relaunch, the suspect may or may not be Cyan, the gossip whose Red Papers Column reveals the rich and powerful's dirtiest secrets. "It's my defense mechanism."💃🏿
Colonel Mustard     A hero in the eyes of the public, Colonel Mustard was originally a WWII Veteran whose motive for killing Boddy Black was the victim's threats to expose the suspect's war profiteering.     In the 2023 relaunch, the suspect may or may not be a spy. "Is there anybody else in the house?!"🎖️
Chef White (1949-2016*; 2023-)     Diligent in her chores, Mrs. White was originally the Black family's housekeeper whose motive for killing Boddy Black was revenge for being denied the house and pension traditionally given to the household's retired maids.     In the 2023 relaunch, the suspect is now a restaurant chef who may or may not be running a Ponzi scheme. "I-It-It--flame--flames . . . on the side of my face . . . breathing . . . breathle--heaving breaths . . . heaving--"👩🏻‍🍳 *Fact: In 2016, Hasbro replaced Chef White with Boddy Black's adopted daughter, Dr. Orchid, only to reverse course seven years later.
Mayor Green     A tree that bore rotten fruit, Reverend* Green was originally a hypocrite whose motive for killing Boddy Black was the victim's threats to expose the suspect's unholy acts.     In the 2023 relaunch, the suspect is now a mayor who may or may not be corrupt. "I didn't do it!"🟢 *Fact: In the US, Parker Brothers retconned the suspect as Mr. Green to avoid insulting conservative Christians, but people's attitudes have changed due to the hypocrisy displayed by many religious officials.
Solicitor Peacock     A greedy black widow, Mrs. Peacock was originally Boddy Black's wife whose motive for killing him was to inherit his money as she had done with her three previous rich husbands.     In the 2023 relaunch, the suspect is now Boddy Black's solicitor who may or may not have broken the law to win all her legal cases. "I've never done anything wrong."🦚
Professor Plum      The smartest person you'll ever meet, Professor Plum is a university instructor whose original motive for killing Boddy Black was the victim's refusal to fund the suspect's questionable research.     In the 2023 relaunch, the suspect is now also a cryptocurrency specialist who may or may not have robbed investors of their money. "Oh, shucks."👨🏽‍🏫
Tudor Mansion     In the UK, Boddy Black's house was originally called Tudor Hall and then renamed as Tudor Close; in the US, his house was called Boddy Mansion.     Since 2003, Boddy Black's has been called Tudor Mansion in both the UK and the US.     On the ground floor of Tudor Mansion are nine rooms: a ballroom, a billiard room, a conservatory, a dining room, a hall*, a kitchen, a library, a lounge, and a study. In the centre is a flight of stairs leading down to the cellar where Boddy Black's body is found.     There are also two secret passageways - one connecting the conservatory to the lounge, and the other connecting the kitchen to the study. "You know that big ugly house..." *Fact: In 2019, Hasbro celebrated the 70th anniversary of Cluedo by asking fans what room to replace the hall with, and the majority of them voted for a bathroom. Four years later, however, Hasbro reversed course, keeping the hall.
Weapons     In the UK, the weapons were called a candlestick, a dagger, a lead* piping, a revolver, a rope, and a spanner.     In the US, the dagger was called a knife, the piping a pipe, and the spanner a wrench.     Since 2016, the weapons have been called a candlestick, a dagger, a lead pipe, a revolver, a rope, and a wrench in both the UK and the US. "In your hands, you each have a lethal weapon." *Fact: Early editions of Cluedo had playing tokens made of actual lead. Nowadays, Cluedo playing tokens are made of non-hazardous materials to prevent lead poisoning.

    When Cluedo was released, it became a hit among gamers and mystery-lovers alike. It became a household name as families and friends have fun figuring out whodunnit. When the game was released internationally, it was expanded to include more colourful suspects, crime scenes, and murder weapons. In more than forty countries, Cluedo's rated the most famous board game, second to Monopoly.

1953: Happy Birthday, Marcia🎂

    Marcia Lewis, Anthony and Elva Pratt's only child, was born in 1953.

    Even though he created a game that made millions, Pratt never became as rich and famous as the inventors of Monopoly and Scrabble. "In 1952 and 1953, Waddington's wrote that sales were not going too well," Marcia said in a 1998 interview. "In May 1953, my father signed over all royalties, in respect of overseas sales, for pounds 5,000." Pratt agreed, thinking it was the responsible thing to do with a baby, but it was a costly mistake. If he had even the smallest share out of the overseas sales, he would've been a millionaire. However, he never did, and for a while, the money kept coming in.

1960s: A Decade of Grumbles💸

    After World War II, Pratt became a civil servant and he and his family moved down to Bournemouth, buying a large house with holiday flats. Pratt sometimes received a large cheque, whereas at other times it would be only hundreds. "And my wife would lament that we weren't Americans who'd have made a fortune." he said. Pratt also conceived two other games which Waddingtons rejected: one focused on treasure hunting and the other on gold mining.

    For a while, with the holiday flats and the Cluedo money, Pratt didn't work, and spent time reading his favourite books and playing his prized piano. Around Bournemouth, he pointed out the scenes of notorious murders. Eventually, the royalties stopped, prompting Pratt to work as a solicitor's clerk.

    Recalling the 1960s in a 1990 interview, Pratt sounded cheerful about it all. "A letter came with a cheque and the news that there'd be no more because the patents had lapsed. That was that. We did not mind, you know. It had been one of life's bonuses. A great deal of fun went into it. So why grumble?" That was what Waddingtons also believed, but at home there were grumbles and Marcia said that the game manufacturer was a bitter subject, mainly for her mother. "Basically, they thought they'd been diddled," she said. The Pratts weren't obsessed though. Cluedo wasn't the focus of the couple's lives which their daughter described as "very average" and contented.

1974: Lord Lucan, in the Car, with Cluedo Cards?🚗

    On November 8, 1974, John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan mysteriously vanished after being suspected of attacking his estranged wife, Veronica Duncan, and murdering their children's nanny, Sandra Rivett.

    The subject of numerous conspiracy theories, Lord Lucan was never again seen nor heard from since the night he disappeared.

    It has been claimed that police investigating the British peer's whereabouts found his car, abandoned and containing three Cluedo cards offering one solution to the game: Colonel Mustard, in the hall, with the lead pipe. What's eerie is that the weapon card alludes to the fact that a lead pipe was actually used to kill Miss Rivett. 

    In June 1975, an inquest jury named Lord Lucan as Miss Rivett's killer.

    On February 3, 2016, John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan was declared deceased.

1980: Retirement👴🏻👵🏻

    In 1980, Anthony and Elva retired in Bromsgrove after moving eight times. 

1985: It's Not Just a Game... Anymore🎞️

    In 1985, Paramount Pictures released an American comedy film adaptation directed by Jonathan Lynn and produced by Debra Hill.

    On one stormy night in 1950s United States, six strangers have been invited to a dinner party at Hill House, the abode of one Mr. Boddy (Lee Ving). Upon arrival, the sextet are given the aliases Miss Scarlet (Lesley Ann Warren), Colonel Mustard (Martin Mull), Mrs. White (Madeline Kahn), Mr. Green (Michael McKean), Mrs. Peacock (Eileen Brennan), and Professor Plum (Christopher Lloyd).

    Tending to their employer's guests are Wadsworth the butler (Tim Curry) and Yvette the maid (Colleen Camp).
    The soiree descends into chaos when it's revealed that Mr. Boddy has been blackmailing his guests and butler for being "un-American." When their blackmailer turns up dead, it's up to the suspects to solve the mystery before the cops arrive.

    Despite receiving mixed reviews and bombing at the box office, Clue became a cult classic. Fans find it entertaining due to its mixture of witty dialogue and slapstick, and three separate endings. Each ending shows a different character being responsible for killing Mr. Boddy. When the film first premiered, one theatre showed Ending A, another Ending B, and a third Ending C. All three endings are shown when Clue was later released on home video and aired on television.

Wadsworth: "What do you mean... "murder"?

1990: Goodbye, Elva👩🏻‍🎨

    Elva Rosalie Pratt died on March 9, 1990 at the age of 77.

A Beloved Wife and Mother.

    Then in July, Granada Television began airing a live action game show adaptation of Cluedo. In every episode, participants compete to identify who among the six usual suspects is the murderer of the week.

1991: Hasbro Made its Move🎲

    Back in 1923, three Polish-Jewish brothers - Herman, Hillel, and Henry Hassenfeld - founded the American toy company Hasbro.

    In the following decades, Hasbro went on to become a multinational conglomerate holding company, creating and owning popular franchises that include G.I. Joe, Jem and The Holograms, My Little Pony, Play-Doh, Potato Head, and Transformers.

    In 1991, Hasbro bought Parker Brothers and the rights to its games, including Monopoly and Cluedo.

1993: TV Finale📺

    The Cluedo TV game show ended in 1993 after running for four series.

1994: Goodbye, Anthony🪦

    Anthony Ernest Pratt died on April 9, 1994, aged 90, from complications related to Alzheimer's.

    Anthony and Elva Pratt are both buried at Bromsgrove Cemetery.

Inventor of Cluedo.
Sadly Missed.

    Then in December, Hasbro bought Waddingtons.

1999: Cluedo Turned 50🪙

    In 1999, Hasbro celebrated the 50th anniversary of Cluedo by making a special limited edition of the game, with artwork by Drew Struzan. Although the same rules apply, this version contains the bottle of poison from Pratt's prototype as a seventh weapon and all the playing tokens are made of pewter. 

    "When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth." -- Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Blanched Soldier

2009: Cluedo Turned 60💎

    Well into the 21st century, generations of fans have continued playing Cluedo. To keep up with the times, Hasbro has been making variants based on the original version and popular franchises.

    In 2009, Pratt was honoured as part of Cluedo's 60th anniversary celebrations. Marcia said, "It's amazing that the game my father invented is celebrating its 60th year. In that time, it has brought pleasure to millions of people - of all generations - across the globe, which is a legacy I'm immensely proud of."

2013: The Year of a Former Unsung Hero🍍

    In March 2013, 100 Clues, the 100th Psych episode, aired. Parodying the 1985 film, 100 Clues guest-stars three Clue cast members (Christopher Lloyd, Lesley Ann Warren, and Martin Mull), features three different endings on DVD, and is dedicated to Madeline Kahn.

    In the United Kingdom, a plaque was erected at No.9 Stanley Road, Kings Heath to honour Pratt for inventing Cluedo.

    The project was spearheaded by Jonathan Foster, a devoted Cluedo fan who wrote a book titled The Story of Cluedo: How Anthony Pratt Invented the Game of Murder Mystery, and spent £400.00 to have the plaque made. "He didn't get the recognition he deserved," Foster explained regarding Pratt. "It is usually the case - people know about the invention, not the person behind the invention." Not only Foster had to gain permissions from authorities and property owners, he also had to prove that the address was where the game was invented. "Cluedo is so British and the British love a murder mystery," he said. "It is so Agatha Christie-esque."

    The plaque was eventually unveiled in autumn. Marcia recalled, "I did enjoy Cluedo as a child - and my father always made sure I won!" She added, "It's a game that has stood the test of time. The subject is timeless. People will always be into murder and detectives, and then you've also got all the nostalgia of the 1940s."

Marcia Lewis and Jonathan Foster, at No.9 Stanley Road, Kings Heath, with Anthony Pratt's Plaque.

2017: Cluedo Went Mobile📱

    In early 2017, Marmalade Game Studio partnered with Hasbro to launch the video game adaptation of Cluedo. Featuring artwork by Peter Dobbin, the Cluedo video game is available on iOS and Android.

    In September that same year, Marmalade Game Studio updated the Cluedo video game with the Ultimate Detective's Package. Users who purchase the bundle will receive present and future boards (1949 classic, haunted house, Hollywood, etc.), suspects (variants of the usual six, plus foreign characters), and weapons.

    "Of course, since you've each been addressed by a pseudonym, you'll have realized that nobody here is being addressed by their real name."

      Then in November, Cluedo was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame.

2018: It's Not Just a Movie... Anymore🎭

    In 2018, Broadway Licensing acquired the rights to produce Clue on Stage, a comedy play based on the 1985 film.

It’s not just a movie... anymore

    That same year, Marmalade Game Studio launched the Steam and Nintendo Switch editions of the Cluedo video game and updated it with an online multiplayer option.

2023: 100 Years of Hasbro💜

    As part of its 100th anniversary celebrations, Hasbro relaunched Cluedo, combining the British and American versions and remaking the seven main characters to be as diverse as the real life people playing the timeless game.

"So who did it!?"

    To celebrate the relaunch, Hasbro even created two verified Instagram accounts for Cluedo - one for British fans and one for American fans.

    On February 28, 2023, Hasbro invited fans to play the first global game of Cluedo.

    A dinner party is held at Tudor Mansion to celebrate plans for an upcoming lodging called the Boden Black Hotel. Gathered in the dining room are the seven hotel co-owners: Miss Scarlett, Colonel Mustard, Chef White, Mayor Green, Solicitor Peacock, Professor Plum and their host, Boddy Black. But in an act of betrayal, Boddy Black cuts his guests out of the deal... and gets killed.

    When the investigators arrive at Tudor Mansion, they uncover evidence of foul play and blackmail on all six murder suspects.

    To solve the mystery, Cluedo fans from all over the world followed the game's Instagram accounts.

    Even though the first worldwide round of Cluedo ended on March 29, 2023, Hasbro assures fans that there will be more mysteries for them to solve.

    Then on August 23, 2023, Marmalade Game Studio launched a new video game adaption of Cluedo. Based on the current edition of the board game, Cluedo is available on Android, iOS, and Steam.

    Whichever versions of Cluedo people love, there's nothing more fun than solving a mystery, at home, with family and friends.

I said, shake, rattle, and roll
I said, shake, rattle, and roll
I said, shake, rattle, and roll
I said, shake, rattle, and roll
Well, you never done nothin'
To save your doggone soul
-C. Calhoun, "Shake, Rattle, and Roll"

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